ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND PREVENTION OF LASSA FEVER AMONG PEOPLE ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

PROJECT BODY:

 Chapter one

Introduction

1.1Background of the study

Lassa fever  is  an acute  viral  hemorrhagic  illness  caused by  Lassa  virus,  a  member  of  the  virus  family Arenaviridae.  The  disease  is endemic  in    Sierra  Leone, Guinea,  Liberia,  and  Nigeria  (Bowen  et  al.  2000)  where The  number  of  Lassa  Fever  virus  infections  per  year    is estimated  at  100,000  to  300,000  with  approximately 5,000  deaths  (Bowen  et al.,  2000;  Gunther  et  al.,  2000; World   Health  Organisation (WHO),  2005,  WHO,   2000). Outbreaks    have    been    reported    in    Ghana,  and  serological  evidence  of  human  infection  has  been  found in  Ivory    coast  ,  Senegal  and    Mali.  (Richmond  and Baglole,  2003).  The  virus  has  also  been  imported  into countries  where  it  is  not  endemic,  for  example,  by returning  travelers  (Gunther  et  al.,  2000).  The  virus exhibits  persistent,  asymptomatic  infection,  with  profuse urinary  virus  excretion  in  Mastomys  natalensis,  the ubiquitous  and  highly  commensal  rodent  host Keenlyside et al., 1983; Monath  et  al., 1974). The virus is  shed  in their  excreta  (urine  and feces),  which  can  be aerosolized and inhaled by  humans (Viral  haemorraghic fever consortium, 2011). Primary mode of spread is from rodent  to  man  through  contact  with  rodent  excreta  or urine in food or during hunting and processing of  rats  for consumption.  The  virus    has  the  capacity  for  person-to-person spread, either  within households  during  care  for  sick  relatives  or  in  health care  settings (Fischer-Hoch, 2005).  Percutaneous  or  per-mucosal  exposure  to  blood and  other  infected  body  fluids,  especially  if  the  fluids contain  blood,  can  result  in  secondary  human  spread. This  type  of  transmission  is  the  most    likely    route    in  health  care    settings  (Aranoff  et  al.,  1997).  This nosocomial  hazard  can  be  minimized  by  proper  and timely infection-control measures, careful management of infected patients, and, in some  cases,  administration  of prophylactic  therapy  to  health  care  workers  after exposure  (Weber    and  Rutala    2001;    Morbidity    and  Mortality  Weekly  Review  (MMWR)  1988).  Lassa  fever presents at  it’s      early  stage    with  symptoms and signs indistinguishable  from  those  of    other  viral,  bacterial  or parasitic  infections  common    in  the  tropics    such  as malaria,  typhoid    and  other  viral  haemorrhagic  fevers (Richmond    and    Baglole,  2003).  Laboratory  testing  is  required   for   confirmation.   Untreated,  Initial  flu-like and gastrointestinal symptoms  give  way  to  bleeding, organ failure  and  neurological  complications  (Bausch  et  al., 2001). The  drug ribavirin is effective if administered early following  infection  (McCormick  et  al.,  1986).   When  the disease  is  in  an  advanced  stage,  even  state-of-the-art intensive care cannot prevent a fatal outcome.  A suspect must  be  rapidly  excluded  or  verified  to  facilitate appropriate  case  management,  including  treatment,  the implementation  of  isolation  measures,  or the  tracking  of contact persons   (Haas et al., 2003) Late diagnosis   and  treatment    also  increases    the  likelihood  of  secondary transmission,  including    nosocomial    transmission.  It  is  therefore    imperative    that    health  care    workers  in endemic  communities    are  adequately  sensitized  on  the disease, it’s clinical  features  and  diagnosis.

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *