CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Asymptomatic bacteriuria refers to the presence of bacteria in Urine. It is a conduction in which urine reveals a significant growth of pathogens that is greater than 105 bacteria/ml, but without the patient showing symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI) (Girbert et al; 2005).
This common during pregnancy. The apparent reduction in immunity of pregnant women appears to encourage the growth of both commensal and non-commensal microorganism (Scott et al; 1990).
The physiological increase in plasma volume during pregnancy decrease urine concentration and up to 70% pregnant woman develop glucosurea, which encourage bacteria growth in urine (Patterson et al; 1987 luces et al; 1993).
Pregnancy enhances the progression from asymptomatic bacteriuria which could lead to pyelonephrintis and adverse obstetric out comes such as prematurity, low birth weight (Connotly et al; 1999) and higher foetal mortality rates (Nicolle, 1994, Delzell et al; 2000) the adverse effects of undiagnosed asymptomatic bacteriuria on mother and child have made researchers to suggest routine culture screening for all pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (Kirlam, 2005) in order to prevent mother and child from any form of complication that may arise due to infection.
However, in many hospitals in developing countries including Nigeria, routine urine culture test is not carried out for antenatal patients. Probably due to cost implication and time factors for culture result (Usually 48 hour’s period) instead many clinicians opt for the strip urinalysis method for accessing urine in pregnant women.
The true picture of such urine specimen cannot be fully accessed as the strip cannot qualify the extent of infection in such a patient as well as provide antimicrobial therapy which is usually seen in the case of culture test. In many health centers in developing countries. The attention of clinicians and health care providers is usually on the presence of glucose and protein in urine specimens with less attention on possible asymptomatic infection.
The incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is reported as 2-4% during pregnancy. Pregnant women and their unborn foetuses may be at risk of complication Guyton, 1996, Lindsay, 2003, Bloomberg etal; 2005).
Quantitative criteria for identifying significant bacteriuria in an asymptomatic person is at least 100cfu/mc of urine from a catheterized specimen (Warren et al; 1982, hysky et al; 1987, saint et al; 2003). According to the infections disease society of America (IDSA) guideline. The diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women is appropriate only if the same species is present in quantities at least 10cfu/ml in at least two consecutive voided specimens (Nicolle, 2003, Nicolle et al; 2005).
AIM OF STUDY
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in pregnant women and if untreated could lead to serious complications. Although asymptomatic bacteriuria could also lead to such complications, this fact is not well known.
This study is to determining the prevalence of asymptomative bacteruiria among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the General Hospital Ekwulobia.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STDY
The importance of this study is to determine the bacterial load, kinds or species that would be recovered from urine samples of pregnant women attending antenatal at General Hospital Ekwulobia.