PROJECT BODY:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Global marine fisheries not only face over fishing, pollution and other anthropogenic impacts, but also climate change (Halpern et al., 2008;Pauly et al., 2002). Climate change is the most widespread anthropogenic threat for ocean ecosystems (Halpern et al., 2008), causing sea level rise, sea temperature change, ocean acidification, changes in precipitation and changes in ocean circulation (Brander, 2007). Theseclimate effects on ocean conditions will impact ocean organisms, the composition of marine communities and ecosystem function (Brownet al., 2010), increasing the complexity of the challenges facing current fisheries (Sumaila et al., 2011). Climate change impacts fish stockseither directly or indirectly. Direct impacts affect the physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality anddistribution. Indirect effects change the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend (Brander,2010; Hare et al., 2010; Perry et al., 2005). Changes in the geographic distribution of fish species in marine ecosystems have already beendocumented throughout the world (Barange and Perry, 2009; Brander et al., 2003; Perry et al., 2005), and several studies have predicted thatchanges in water temperature, driven by climate change, may lead to local extinctions and also to colonization by species previously absentin those areas (Cheung et al., 2009; Vinagre et al., 2011). These shies in geographic range will most likely affect the abundance, distributionand composition of fisheries catches, and consequently fishing operations, catch shares and the effectiveness of fisheries managementmeasures (Gamito et al., 2013; Kim, 2010; Sumaila et al., 2011). However, these effects might not necessarily be negative, as new fishingopportunities may also arise in some areas of the world. The effects of climate change on fisheries may then be regarded to act on resourceavailability, fishing operations, fisheries management and conservation measures and profits from fisheries (Cheung et al., 2012). Both theobservation of recent climate change and predictions of climate change in future scenarios show that the effects of climate change will notbe homogeneous throughout the world (IPCC, 2007). Belkin (2009) has studied changes in sea surface temperature (SST) in large marineecosystems (LMEs). LMEs are large coastal areas with broad ecosystem similarities, such as bathymetry, hydrography, productivity andtrophically dependent populations (Sherman and Duda, 1999; Watson et al., 2004). Belkin (2009) has found a coherent global pattern of rapid warmingin LMEs, from 1982 to 2006. This rapid warming (net SST change higher than 0.6 ºC) was observed for three groups of LMEs:(1) Scotian Shelf, Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf, Canadian Eastern Arctic-West Greenland, Iceland Shelf and Sea, Faroe Plateau andNorwegian Sea; (2) North Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Iberian Coastal and Celtic-Biscay Shelf; (3) Yellow Sea, East ChinaSea, Japan/East Sea and Kuroshio Current. A slow warming was observed in the Indian Ocean LMEs and most LMEs around Australia andbetween Australia and Indochina. The only cooling LMEs were the California Current and the Humboldt Current, both located in the EasternPacific up welling areas. As the LME spatial system groups together large coastal areas with similar ecosystem characteristics, thismethodology has recently been used for several large-scale marine studies (Merino et al., 2012; Pauly et al., 2008; Pikitch et al., 2014;Sherman and Duda, 1999; Watson et al., 2004). From a global perspective, analyses on the LME scale are extremely valuable for marineecosystem-based management. And, as climate change increases the complexity of fisheries management, it is of the utmost importancethat these analyses include the effects of climate change on fisheries. Therefore, the present paper aimed to analyse climate change andglobal fish performance.
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