CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) is a viral pneumonia with symptoms such as dry cough, fever, sore throat, dyspnea, body pain and diarrhea. This disease emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, in Hubei Province of China and within three months, it had spread globally, prompting the world health organization (WHO) to declare COVID-19 a threat to world health. SARS-Cov-z belongs to the family of coronaviridael of the order Nidovirales, large, positive single – stranded RNA viruses) which are important to human and animal viruses, in permanent circulation with four members of this family causing respiratory infections (common cold) worldwide.
Although the SARS (in 2020) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-Cov) (in 2012) epidemics were not globally dispersed COVID – 19, they seem to have caused more fatalities than COVID 19.
As of 10th April 2020, there was a total of 1,978,978 confirmed Covid -19 cases and 125, 196 deaths and cases have been reported in 213 countries areas or territories. The mortality rate of COVID 19 varies between counties, and the reason for this variability in mortality are still unclear. However, in some countries, age has been shown to impact mortality. The older the population the higher the mortality rate over, the current figures could be under estimating the morbidity and mortality rate of COVID 19, as it does not take into account asymptomadic patients.
Although COVID 19 affects individual of all ages, greater severity and mortality occur more among the aged population, that have other comorbidities such as hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes, cancer and other immune compromising diseases. It has also been observed that COVID 19 seems to affect males more than females. Mean while, children tend to exhibit milder symptoms of COVID 19. However, the reason for this is not yet clear. The severe form of COVID 19 occurs in three phases – viral, pulmonary and final hyper-inflammatory phase, which can lead to sever acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), impaired cordiac functions, and death. Thrombosis and coagulopathy is reported to complicate COVID 19. Patients suffering from a severe form of COVID 19 often need to be intubated and placed under a ventilator. The chance of survival following SARS-Cov-z infection for people greater or equal to 60 years is 95% in the absence of comorbid conditions, but this chance decreases considerably if the patient has underlying health condition.
Moreover, in Akwa Ibom State the state government along with other states and nations of the world place order through NCDC so as to safe lives of the citizens. The mandatory once were the use of face mask, physical distance, regular washing of hand, used of sanitizer etc. these safety measures were checked in churches, schools, work place, and market, etc to access the level of compliance
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Because COVID 19 is easily transmitted via droplets and can remain suspended in the air for some hours, transmission can occur through human interaction and contamination. Travelers from countries with reported cases have enabled the disease to rapidly spread COVID-19 to all continents, including African countries. People residing in Europe (especially from the united kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands) and the USA have been categorized as high risk. Hence, travelers from those countries are also regarded as high-risk people.
Since COVID-19 spread at a fast rate, individuals from vulnerable health systems and poor socioeconomic backgrounds are particularly at risk. The majority of countries in sub-Saharan Africa are face with prolonged health system vulnerabilities due to civil wars, post military autocratic delayed reforms, corruption, and the emigration of a physicians/health workers and other skilled professionals. Nigeria is a concerning example of a vulnerable heath system, and according to the health care system corruption, and rating among Anglophone west African countries by transparency international, Nigeria ranks the worst. The leadership of the Nigerian ministry of health changes with every change in political dispensation, with successive ruling party selecting health ministers without consideration of competency. The frequent change of health ministers, coupled with the looting of funds earmarked for reformation of Nigeria healthcare systems and government officials often engaging in medical tourism, only serves to make the situation worse.
Thus, there is a high burden of chronic disases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and so on among the population of Nigeria thereby predisposing the majority of them to COVID 19.
The reasons for the burden chronic disease from COVID-19 were that the populace especially market women refuses to comply with the directives. Nearly all of them were not using face mask, they did not observed physical distancing, nor regular washing of hands, even use of sanitizer to combat the deadly disease.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study of this nature is so significant to the following;
- The health educators in their effort to make information concerning the Covid-19 and its’s effect to the general public.
- The general public including church and market women on the wearing of face mask, regular washing of hand with sanitizers as well as observing physical distancing.
- The study can be of benefit to student who embark on research and other future researcher.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study focuses on the assessment of NCDC Covid-19 safety compliance among market women in Akwa Ibom State.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In the course of carrying out this research, there were some challenges which could be viewed as initial setbacks to the study. They include;
Lack of Time: The duration for the study was a bit short for adequate and complete investigation to be carried out.
Material Factors: Shortage of relevant materials for literature review posed great difficulty.
Financial Factor: Inadequate funds affected the way data were collected since the researcher have to travel long distance for distribution of the research questionnaire forms.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Tittle Page – – – – – – – i
Approval Page – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgements – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – vi
List of Tables – – – – – – vii-viii
Table of Contents – – – – – – ix-xi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – 1 – 2
1.2 Statement of the problem – – – – – 2-3
1.3 Objectives of the study – – – – 3
1.4 Research questions – – – – – – 4
1.5 Statement of hypotheses – – – – – 4-5
1.6 Significance of the study – – – – – 5
1.7 Scope of the study – – – – – 5
1.8 Limitations of the study – – – – 6
1.9 Organization of the study – – – – – 6
1.10 Definition of terms – – – – – 7
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Framework – – – – – 8
2.1.1 Meaning and concept of Covid-19 – – – – 8-9
2.1.2 Effect of Face Mask among Market Women – – 10-11
2.1.3 Effect of Physical Distancing Compliance
among Market Women – – – – – 11-13
2.1.4 Effect of Regular Washing of Hands Among
Market Women – – – – – – 14-15
2.1.5 Effect of Hand Sanitizer Compliance among Market Women 15-17
2.1.6 Vaccination Compliance among Market Women – – 17-18
2.2 Theoretical Framework – – – – – 19
2.2.1 Piaget Learning Theory (1997) – – – – 19
2.2.2 Van Bavel Theory of Conspiracy (2020)
2.3 Empirical Framework – – – – – 20-21
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design – – – – – – 22
3.2 The population of the Study – – – – – 22
3.3 Sampling technique – – – – – – 23
3.4 Sample size – – – – – – – – 24
3.5 Instrumentation – – – – – – 24
3.6 Plans for data Analysis – – – – – 25-26
3.7 Problems of data collection – – – – – 26
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Analysis of research question – – – – 27
4.1.1 Research question one – – – – – – 27-28
4.1.2 Research question two – – – – – 28
4.1.3 Research question three – – – – – – 29
4.1.4 Research question four – – – – – – 30
4.1.5 Research question five – – – – – – 31
4.2 Test of Hypotheses – – – – – – 32
4.2.1 Test of hypothesis one – – – – – – 32-35
4.2.2 Test of hypothesis two – – – – – – 35-38
4.2.3 Test of hypothesis three – – – – – – 39-42
4.2.4 Test of hypothesis four – – – – – – 42-45
4.2.5 Test of hypothesis five – – – – – – 45-48
4.3 Discussion of Findings – – – – – – 49-50
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of finding – – – – – – 51
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – 51-52
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – 52
References
Appendix I
Appendix II